EIP-2935: A Step to Achieving Stateless Execution

EIP-2935 brings Ethereum closer to statelessness by storing 8192 past block hashes, enabling efficient execution for lightweight and stateless clients.

Charting Ethereum's Account Abstraction Roadmap III: The Endgame

Explore Ethereum's evolution toward full account abstraction through ERC-5189, ERC-4337, RIP-7560, and EIP-7701 smart account models.

Unifying the New Internet via Okto

Explore how Okto’s middleware simplifies Web3 by abstracting blockchain complexities, enabling seamless, user-friendly interactions across multiple chains.

ERC-4337: 2 Years After

Explore ERC-4337's impact on account abstraction, key achievements, production metrics, and future developments in the blockchain ecosystem.

csUSDL: Supercharging Treasury Management With Yield-Bearing Stablecoins

Yield-bearing stablecoins like csUSDL are redefining treasury management by turning stable reserves into productive assets and providing treasuries with sustainable, composable, and capital-efficient returns.

ERC-7699: ERC-20 with Transfer Reference Extension

ERC-7699 enhances the ERC-20 token standard by adding reference capabilities to transfers, improving transaction clarity and usability in Ethereum's ecosystem.

Designing Cross-L2 Interoperability Standards: The Impact of Shared Resources

Exploring cross-L2 interoperability standards and the role of shared resources in enhancing blockchain scalability, security, and seamless communication.

Spectra Finance: Moving Toward a More Robust DeFi IRD Ecosystem

Spectra makes DeFi interest rates more predictable with fixed yields, tradable future yields, and better tools for managing risk.

How To Make Cross-Chain Tokens Fungible Again: Part II

ERC-7281 enhances token bridging with decentralization, security, and flexibility, gaining adoption from key industry players. Learn why it matters for Ethereum L2.

A Complete Guide to Uniswap V4

Discover Uniswap V4's innovations like Singleton Architecture, Flash Accounting, and Hooks. Learn how they enhance efficiency, scalability, and user experience.

Flatcoins: The Stablecoins With Their Own Price

Explore flatcoins, an innovative alternative to stablecoins, using on-chain mechanisms to reduce volatility without relying on fiat currencies.

Can DeSci Save Science?

Exploring the promise and limits of DeSci in transforming scientific research.

Optimizing Ethereum Gas Efficiency With Multidimensional EIP-1559

Explore how multidimensional EIP-1559 optimizes Ethereum's gas efficiency by separating resource costs, enhancing scalability, and improving network utilization.

Neverending Options: Trading Options To Infinity And Beyond

Explore the evolution of crypto options and perpetual futures, including innovations like panoptions, and the challenges of liquidity and decentralization.

Futures of Ethereum II: Improving Censorship Resistance

This piece on the Futures of Ethereum explores its ongoing fight for censorship resistance, examining the impact of regulatory pressure, the role of Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS), and potential solutions like encrypted mempools to keep the network neutral and decentralized.

Charting Ethereum's Account Abstraction Roadmap II: EIP-7377 & EIP-5003

In part II of the account abstraction roadmap series, we discuss EOA migration: a controversial approach to bringing the benefits of smart, programmable accounts to users.

The Hitchhiker's Guide To Dark Pools In DeFi: Part Three

In this final part of our series on dark pools, we dive into Railgun—a privacy-enhancing, zk-powered protocol for anonymous, scalable, and auditable DeFi interactions—and explore what’s next for dark pools.

Defining Interest Rates for Stablecoins

In this article about stablecoins, we shed light on interest rates, a critical factor behind their stability. We explore governance-driven, algorithmic, and game-theoretic models for setting these rates, showing how issuers balance decentralization, risk, and market efficiency.

The Hitchhiker's Guide To Dark Pools In DeFi: Part Two

In part II of our three-part series on DeFi dark pools, we examine Tristero: a perfomant, privacy-focused DEX built using Trusted Execution Environment (TEEs).

The Hitchhiker's Guide To Dark Pools In DeFi: Part One

After reshaping TradFi, dark pools are making inroads into DeFi. We explore the fundamentals of dark pools and and the impact on DeFi markets in this article.

Starknet: Unlocking Better Performance With Cairo-Native Execution

Starknet's Cairo-native execution utilizes its custom programming language, Cairo, to boost scalability, cut costs, and improve smart contract performance.

Futures of Ethereum I: From Beacon Chain to Beam Chain

Building on Ethereum's 2024 developments, this article explores the Beam Chain proposal introduced by Justin Drake at Devcon, aiming to overhaul Ethereum's consensus layer by addressing MEV insights, leveraging SNARK advancements, and eliminating Beacon Chain's technical debt.

To Pump The Gas Or Not: Analyzing The Ethereum Gas Limit Debate

Ethereum's proposed gas limit increase aims to unlock new possibilities for dapps by expanding network capacity. However, it raises critical considerations about decentralization.

Nuffle: Ethereum's Finality-As-A-Service Layer

The article explores NFFL, a fast cross-rollup state verification protocol using EigenLayer’s restaked ETH and NEAR DA, enabling secure, efficient, and scalable cross-chain applications with fast finality.

How To Make Cross-Chain Tokens Fungible Again: Part I

This two-part report explores ERC-7281: a new proposal to make cross-chain tokens fungible. Part 1 introduces the problem (non-fungibility of bridged tokens) and analyzes current solutions.

Chain Abstraction: Orchestrating Towards the New Internet's Composability

The article explores blockchain fragmentation issues and introduces chain abstraction as a solution to unify state, liquidity, and assets across multiple chains. It highlights Socket protocol's role in enabling seamless user experiences and multichain composability for dApps and developers.

The Verge: Making Ethereum Verifiable And Sustainable

Explore how "The Verge," a pivotal Ethereum upgrade, leverages Verkle trees to enhance verifiability and sustainability. This article breaks down its role in reducing storage needs and driving network scalability.

ERC-7683: Unifying Ethereum With Cross-Chain Intents

This article explores ERC-7683, a standard for crosschain intents that enables seamless multichain transactions, improves liquidity flow, and fosters interoperability through shared infrastructure and industry collaboration.

DePIN On Ethereum: Redefining Coordination Systems

DePIN brings Ethereum's global coordination to the physical world. Learn how Ethereum DePIN networks solve problems across energy, telecom, compute, and more.

EIP-7762 & EIP-7691: Making Ethereum Blobs Great Again

The article explores EIP-7762 and EIP-7691, focusing on optimizing blob pricing and increasing blob throughput to enhance Ethereum's data availability layer, while balancing scalability, consensus security, and rollup efficiency.

Bringing Permissionless Lending: Making Sense of Euler

Explore how Euler v2 revolutionizes DeFi lending with modular architecture, ERC-4626 vaults, and permissionless customization, enabling tailored lending markets, seamless interoperability, and efficient value capture for diverse assets and users.

The Practical Guide to Ethereum Rollups

An extensive exploration of Ethereum rollups, how they work, and how we can enhance their security properties.

Charting Ethereum's Account Abstraction Roadmap I: EIP-3074, EIP-5806 & EIP-7702

An overview of Ethereum accounts and transaction validity, and the push for account abstraction via EOA programmability.

UniFi: Rethinking the Ethereum Approach to Rollups

A new based restaking rollup design that enhances economic security and efficiency for rollups, addressing key challenges like transaction revenue loss and providing credible commitments for transaction outcomes.

Wildcat: Undercollateralized Credit Expansion for Fun and Profit 2.0

Exploring the Wildcat approach to bringing undercollateralized loans onchain and making DeFi accessible.

The State Of Fraud Proofs In Ethereum L2s

A comprehensive analysis of fraud proof systems in Ethereum rollups. Featuring Arbitrum, Optimism, Cartesi, & Kroma.

Unpacking The Starknet Bolt Upgrade

A comprehensive overview of Starknet’s 'Bolt' upgrade, which introduces parallel execution and block packing for improved performance. Learn how these changes boost scalability by reducing confirmation times and lowering costs.

EIP-1559: Separating Mechanisms From Memes

A deep dive into Ethereum's EIP-1559 transaction fee mechanism design and its misunderstood value and potential.

EIP-7685: General Purpose Execution Layer Requests

EIP-7685 introduces a framework for Ethereum's execution layer to handle general-purpose contract-triggered requests. The article explores how the proposal enhances interaction between the execution and consensus layers, enabling more versatile operations.

EIP-7623: Repricing Calldata For Ethereum Transactions

This article delves into EIP-7623, a proposal to increase calldata costs in Ethereum transactions, aiming to reduce maximum block sizes and improve network efficiency. Discover how this change impacts data-heavy transactions and the broader Ethereum ecosystem.

Harnessing Shared Security For Secure Cross-Chain Interoperability: Lagrange State Committees And Beyond

A deep dive on shared security and the role of shared security infrastructure in building robust and secure cross-chain interoperability solutions.

The State of Rollup Interoperability Solutions in 2024

How can we fix L2 fragmentation and save Ethereum's rollup-centric roadmap?

Understanding Blockchain Governance

Blockchain governance includes formal mechanisms like protocol upgrades and on-chain voting, alongside informal processes such as community discussions and social media influence. Understanding these dynamics is key for stakeholders shaping the future of blockchain ecosystems.

EIP-7657: Securing Ethereum's Sync Committee

EIP-7657 introduces a slashing condition for malicious sync committee messages to improve the security and reliability of light clients on the Ethereum network.

ERC-5564 & ERC-6358: Unlocking Privacy on Ethereum with Stealth Addresses

This article explores the inner workings of ERC-5564 and ERC-6358, revealing how stealth addresses enhance privacy on Ethereum. Learn how these proposals enable secure, unlinkable transactions without changing the core protocol.

EIP-7503: Zero-knowledge Wormholes for Private Ethereum Transactions

EIP-7503 introduces zero-knowledge proofs to enable private Ethereum transactions by unlinking sender and receiver addresses, enhancing on-chain privacy.​

EIP-6110: Fixing Beacon Chain Tech Debt

EIP-6110 deprecates the Eth1-Eth2 bridge and reforms the Beacon Chain's validator deposit processing mechanism for better staking UX and improved network security.

EIP-7251: Raising Maximum Effective Balance For Validators

Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. — Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

EIP-7002: Unpacking Improvements to Staking UX Post-Merge

EIP-7002 brings Ethereum closer to the goal of simple, secure, and trustless staking.

Data Availability Or: How Rollups Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Ethereum

To be (fully) secured by Ethereum or not, that is the question.

Verkle Trees For The Rest Of Us: Part 1

An ELI5-style article series on Ethereum’s next major upgrade: The Verge.

ERC-7512: Bolstering Smart Contract Security With On-chain Audits

"Decentralize X and put it on the blockchain" has never sounded so good.